Chief Joseph Biography

Chief Joseph Biography Chief Joseph, known to his people as Young Joseph or simply Joseph, was the leader of the Wallowa band of Nez Perce people, a Native American tribe that lived on the Columbia River Plateau in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States from the early 18th century to the late 19th century. He succeeded his father Chief Joseph the Elder as chief in 1871 and continued to lead the Nez Perce until his death in 1904. Primarily due to his passionate leadership during the forced removal of his people from their ancestral lands by the United States government, Chief Joseph remains an iconic figure of American and Native American history. Fast Facts: Chief Joseph Full Native Name: Hinmatà ³owyalahtqÌ“it (â€Å"Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt†)Known As: Chief Joseph, Young Joseph, The Red NapoleonKnown For: Leader of the Wallowa Valley (Oregon) band of the Nez Perce native peoples (1871 to 1904). Led his people during the Nez Perce War of 1877.Born:  March 3, 1840, in Wallowa Valley, OregonDied: September 21, 1904 (aged 64), in Colville Indian Reservation, Washington StateParents: Tuekakas (Old Joseph, Joseph the Elder) and KhapkhaponimiWife: Heyoon Yoyikt SpringChildren: Jean-Louise (daughter)Notable Quotation: â€Å"I will fight no more forever.† Early Life and Background Chief Joseph was born Hinmatà ³owyalahtqÌ“it (â€Å"Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt†), meaning â€Å"Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain† in the Nez Perce language, in the Wallowa Valley of what is now northeastern Oregon on March 3, 1840. Known as Young Joseph during his youth and later as Joseph, he was named after his Christian father Tuekakas, baptized â€Å"Joseph the Elder.† As one of the first Nez Perce chiefs to convert to Christianity, Joseph the Elder initially worked to maintain peace with early white settlers. In 1855, he peacefully negotiated a treaty with the United States establishing a Nez Perce reservation on their traditional lands in the Wallowa Valley. However, when the gold rushes of the 1860s attracted a new influx of settlers, the U.S. government asked the Nez Perce to move to a far smaller reservation in Idaho in return for financial incentives and a reservation hospital. When Joseph the Elder, along with his fellow Nez Perce leaders, chiefs Looking Glass and White Bird, refused to agree, conflict seemed inevitable. Joseph the Elder erected signs around the tribe’s lands proclaiming, â€Å"Inside this boundary, all our people were born. It circles the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man.† Nez Perce group known as Chief Josephs Band, Lapwai, Idaho, spring, 1877. Public Domain Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War Chief Joseph assumed leadership of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce when Joseph the Elder died in 1871. Before he passed away, his father had asked Young Joseph to protect the Nez Perce lands and guard his grave. To the request, Young Joseph replied, â€Å"I clasped my fathers hand and promised to do as he asked. A man who would not defend his fathers grave is worse than a wild beast.† In 1873, Joseph convinced the U.S. government to allow the Nez Perce to remain on their land in the Wallowa Valley. But in the spring of 1877, as violence between the Nez Perce and settlers grew more commonplace, the government sent the Army to force the Nez Perce to move to the smaller reservation in Idaho. Rather than being relocated to Idaho, Joseph’s band of the Nez Perce decided to flee the U.S. seeking asylum in Canada. Over the next four months, Chief Joseph led his band of 700 Nez Perce- including only about 200 warriors- on a 1,400-mile trek towards Canada. Fending off repeated attacks by U.S. troops, the march of Joseph and his people became known as the Nez Perce War. Along the way, the greatly outnumbered Nez Perce warriors actually won several major battles, leading the U.S. press to declare Chief Joseph â€Å"The Red Napoleon.† However, by the time they neared the Canadian border in the fall of 1877, Chief Joseph’s beaten and starving people were no longer able to fight or travel. On October 5, 1877, Chief Joseph surrendered to the U.S. Cavalry General Oliver O. Howard, delivering one of the most famous speeches in American history. After recounting the suffering, starvation, and death his people had endured, he memorably concluded, â€Å"Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.† Three men in full ceremonial dress and a man in military uniform stand before the new tombstone of Chief Joseph, of the Nez Perce people. Tombstone inscription facing the camera reads: He led his people in the Nez Perce War of 1877. Died Sept. 21, 1904. Aged about 60 years. Public Domain Later Life and Death Rather than being returned to their Wallowa Valley home in Oregon, Chief Joseph and his 400 surviving people were loaded on unheated railcars and shipped first to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, then to a reservation in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma. In 1879, Joseph met with President Rutherford B. Hayes in Washington, D.C., to request that his people be returned to Idaho. While Hayes respected Joseph and personally favored the move, opposition from Idaho prevented him from acting. At last, in 1885, Chief Joseph and his people were taken to the Colville Indian Reservation in the state of Washington, far from their ancestral Wallowa Valley home. Sadly, Chief Joseph never again saw Wallowa Valley, dying at age 64 of what his doctors called â€Å"a broken heart,† on the Colville Reservation on September 21, 1904. Legacy Bearing his name as a tribute to his leadership, the Chief Joseph band of Nez Perce still live on the Colville Indian Reservation. While he is buried on the reservation, he is also honored in the Pacific Northwest at the Chief Joseph Dam on the Columbia River; at Chief Joseph Pass on the Idaho-Montana border; and perhaps most fittingly, at Chief Joseph Mountain, which overlooks the town of Joseph in the Wallowa Valley. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Chief Joseph: Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt (1840-1904).† The West. PBSBuerge, David M. â€Å"Chief Seattle and Chief Joseph: From Indians to Icons.† University of Washingtonâ€Å"Old Chief Joseph Gravesite History.† U.S. National Park Service.The Treaty Period.† Nez Perce National Historical Parkâ€Å"The Flight of 1877.† Nez Perce National Historical Park.Leckie, Robert (1998). â€Å"The Wars of America.† Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-0914-7.

Molodova I - Paleolithic Mammoth Bone Hut in Ukraine

Molodova I - Paleolithic Mammoth Bone Hut in Ukraine The Middle and Upper Paleolithic site of Molodova (sometimes spelled Molodovo) is located on the Dniester River in the Chernovtsy (or Chernivtsi) province of Ukraine, between the Dniester river and the Carpathian mountains. Molodova I has five Middle Paleolithic Mousterian occupations (called Molodova 1-5), three Upper Paleolithic occupations and one Mesolithic occupation. The Mousterian components are dated to 44,000 RCYBP, based on charcoal radiocarbon from a hearth. Microfauna and palynological data connect the layer 4 occupations with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (ca 60,000-24,000 years ago). Archaeologists believe that the stone tool strategies appear to be either Levallois or transitional to Levallois, including points, simple side scrapers and retouched blades, all of which argues that Molodova I was occupied by Neanderthals using a Mousterian tradition tool kit. Artifacts and Features at Molodova I Artifacts from the Mousterian levels at Molodova include 40,000 flint artifacts, including over 7,000 stone tools. The tools are characteristic of typical Mousterian, but lack bifacial forms. They are blades with marginal retouch, retouched side-scrapers and retouched Levallois flakes. Most of the flint is local, from the Dniester river terrace. Twenty-six hearths were identified at Molodova I, varying in diameter from 40x30 centimeters (16x12 inches) to 100x40 cm (40x16 in), with ashy lenses varying from 1-2 cm thick. Stone tools and burned bone fragments were recovered from these hearths. Approximately 2,500 mammoth bones and bone fragments have been recovered from Molodova I layer 4 alone. Living at Molodova The Middle Paleolithic level 4 covers 1,200 square meters (about 13,000 square feet) and includes five areas, including a pit filled with bones, an area with engraved bones, two concentrations of bones and tools, and a circular accumulation of bones with tools in its center. Recent studies (Demay in press) have focused on this last feature which was originally characterized as a mammoth bone hut. However, recent re-investigations of mammoth bone settlements in central Europe have confined the use dates to between 14,000-15,000 years ago: if this was a mammoth bone settlement (MBS), it is older by some 30,000 years than the majority of the others: Molodova currently represents the only Middle Paleolithic MBS discovered to date. Because of the discrepancy in dates, scholars have interpreted the ring of bones as either a hunting blind, a natural accumulation, a circular symbolic ring bound to Neanderthal beliefs, a wind break for a long term occupation, or the result of humans returning to the area and pushing away the bones from the living surface. Demay and colleagues argue that the structure was purposefully built as protection from cold climate in an open environment and, along with the pit features, that makes Molodova an MBS. The ring of bones measured 5x8 meters (16x26 feet) inside and 7x10 m (23x33 ft) externally. The structure included 116 complete mammoth bones, including 12 skulls, five mandibles, 14 tusks, 34 pelves and 51 long bones. The bones represent at least 15 individual mammoths, and included both male and female, both adults and juveniles. Most of the bones appear to have been intentionally selected and assembled by Neanderthals to build a circular structure. A large pit located 9 m (30 ft) from the circular structure contained the majority of non-mammoth bones from the site. But, most importantly, mammoth bones from the pit and dwelling structure have been linked as coming from the same individuals. The bones in the pit show cut marks from butchering activities. Molodova and Archaeology Molodova I was discovered in 1928, and first excavated by I.G. Botez and N. N. Morosan between 1931 and 1932. A.P. Chernysch continued excavations between 1950 and 1961, and again in the 1980s. Detailed site information in English has only recently become available. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Middle Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Demay L, PÃ ©an S, and Patou-Mathis M. in press. Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine). Quaternary International(0). Meignen, L., J.-M. Genest, L. Koulakovsaia, and A. Sytnik. 2004. Koulichivka and its place in the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in eastern Europe. Chapter 4 in The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe, P.J. Brantingham, S.L. Kuhn, and K. W. Kerry, eds. University of California Press, Berkeley. Vishnyatsky, L.B. and P.E. Nehoroshev. 2004. The beginning of the Upper Paleolithic on the Russian Plain. Chapter 6 in The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe, P.J. Brantingham, S.L. Kuhn, and K. W. Kerry, eds. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Cultural Barries in Global Business Research Paper

Cultural Barries in Global Business - Research Paper Example Such reasons include an enabling business environment, which is a prerequisite for any business startup or venture. On the other hand, a business will face challenges related to the culture, which may act as a barrier on business. Furthermore, there are other challenges like leadership barriers, which affect business operations. Nevertheless, it is incumbent upon the business to deal with these challenges and use the best leadership methods. The United States is one of the countries that appeal to business ventures for obvious reasons. In this regard, a business will succeed in an environment that is politically stable and not volatile. In effect, the United States offers such an environment for business. Known as the free world, the United States is a model of democracy that is free from autocratic rule, which makes business operations conducive. As a result, a democratic state is one of the main reasons the United States appeals to setting up of businesses since the political clima te ensures effective economic legislations, which are essential for business. In effect, the lack of economic uncertainties such as unexpected takeovers due to lack of clear economic policies and legislations is important for business. Despite the creation of an environment whereby there is economic regulation of businesses in the United States, the country is the largest economy in the world in terms of GDP. In effect, it is common knowledge that economic strength translates to a higher per capita income amongst the citizens. Therefore, there is an available market for goods and services a business will produce for since the consumers have a high marginal propensity to purchase and consume. In effect, this feature of the economy of the United States appeals to businesses since the average consumer has a high purchasing power. The contemporary business world witnesses business increasingly committed to reaching global markets. Barkema, Bell, and Pennings (1996) noted, â€Å"Globali zation confers access to foreign markets, cheap labor, and other advantages† (p. 151). Nevertheless, a few firms do not realize the existent of these cultural differences. Nevertheless, businesses that identify cultural barriers will find approaches of dealing with the barriers in order to establish a competitive edge over their competitors. According to Leung, Bhagat, Buchan, Erez, and Gibson (2005), broadly defined as â€Å"values, beliefs, norms, and behavior patterns of a national group,† established cultures have an effect on the business activities and performance of individuals (p. 357). In the American society, one cultural belief that may affect business is the individuality amongst the Americans. According to E. Hall and M. Hall (1990), the American culture's biggest concern is â€Å"their own careers and their personal success than about the welfare of the organization or group† (p. 147). Americans will often come out as individuals who like to â€Å" handle their own problems and chafe at authority† (E. Hall & M. Hall, 1990, p. 148). As a result, this character trait may pose a big challenge to the leadership of a business since they may think that the average American worker was rebellious to the leadership in a firm. On the other hand, individualism, which is one of the most important aspects in the American culture, is a barrier to leadership. In this case, individualism works against teamwork in a business entity. In this case, since success in a business is a team task, the

To evaluate the feasibility of a Thai restaurant in Brighton that Essay

To evaluate the feasibility of a Thai restaurant in Brighton that promotes healthier eating - Essay Example The Phenomenological approach studies the life experiences of an individual and derives meaning from them. The realism approach believes that the truth exists independent of human existence, and can be experienced through our experiences and sensations. On the other hand, the Positivism ideology states that the facts that can be scientifically and objectively verified are the only one we should be able to trust. Given that this study wishes to evaluate the desires and opinions of a large group of people, it was believed the Positivist research would serve best in this case. The use of objective data – gathered using an empirical perspective – makes the process more verifiable and thus, valid. It also controls for biases that we may have that could lead us astray in making our decisions. There are a number of approaches to research, and each brings a number of techniques to the table. The decision to use an objective method instead of a subjective one (quantative data instead of qualitative) may be based on the fact that the questions asked by this study pertained to the general opinion of a large group; and not the detailed opinions of a few individuals. Numerical data is more representative of a large population that qualitative data. This is a Deductive study, i.e. – one that verifies the facts in a given condition. This is in contrast to the other option of conducting an inductive study, which would be useful when developing theoretical concepts based on scientifically proven facts. Research strategy   It is proposed that potential clientele be extensively surveyed in order to evaluate the need and demand for a restaurant serving healthy Thai food in Briton. The target population is individuals in the age group of 15-54 years who are primary decision makers when choosing an eating out destination. It was decided that this population be surveyed for their opinions. The process of a Survey was used in order to pick up the specific opinions of a large number of people and analyse the trends thereof (Stangor, 2010). According to the NHS (2009), this consists of approximately  153,000 people. Thus, a minimum sample size of a 100 respondents was chosen in a bid to gain some extent of representativeness. Systematically chosen respondents were chosen and encouraged to fill out the survey form (Kerlinger, 1986). They were given a description of the reasons for conducting the study, and were assured of the value of their inputs. Those respondents who were reluctant w ere not pressed, and the researcher passed on to interview the next chosen respondent. Data thus collected was analysed statistically to verify that any trends seen were not due to chance in order to draw conclusions (McBurney, 1996).

Moral Panic Definition Essay Example for Free

Moral Panic Definition Essay Deborah Cameron is a linguist whose focus research is on what people’s attitudes are towards language. She writes a long definition on moral panic in Verbal Hygiene explaining how the media and general public exaggerate concerns beyond reason. Cameron reports that Jock Young describes moral panic as the public’s reaction that is â€Å"completely disproportionate to the actual problem.† Cameron explains that the causes of moral panic are analyzed in a simplistic manner, but the concern to the problem escalates to intolerable levels. She uses the term â€Å"folk devil† as an example of how they are identified in gang related violence and is a scape goat to the exaggerated issues reported by the media. Cameron also states from what scholars have suggested â€Å"that moral panic†¦is a product of modern mass media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , if there is media attention the event will turn into an issue. However, if the media does not give attention, then the event will go unnoticed. In â€Å"American Werewolf in Kabul†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sean Brayton, a Ph.D student researching the specifics of critical race theory and media studies, analyzes the concept of moral panic as being an important cause of the potential threat of national security to the United States of America. He illustrates the three main elements of moral panic: folk devils, ambiguous terms, and moral entrepreneurs using the reality of John Walker Lindh’s journey through multiple identities. Comparing Cameron’s definition of moral panic to Brayton’s discussion of moral panic, which originated from Cohen’s developed description of the context in 1972, there is agreement that media overemphasize concerns beyond practicality. Both Cameron and Brayton use the term â€Å"folk devils† to represent a subgroup of individuals that is a leading cause of moral panic, yet with different purposes. Cameron suggests that the term â€Å"folk devil† is usually branded to social minorities that bear the burden enmity and blame by the socially ideal majority, whereas Brayton expands Cohen’s understanding of the term as a threat to the moral constitution of society on the whole. Although their research areas are not of a similar context, they both relate their writing to a â€Å"cultural history† in an era of media induced politics. As the previous paragraphs mentioned, the term â€Å"moral panic† is applied in both Cameron and Brayton’s writing, which Cameron realizes the crucial influence to expanded reports, while Brayton blames that those reports magnify the guilty to the individuals who commit. According to Brayton, three essential elements can be found in the concept moral panic: folk devils, moral entrepreneur, and ambiguous terms. Those elements are perfectly applied to a real life example during WWII, most of the innocent Japanese-Americans (devil folks) were forced to move into the internment camp by the U.S.A. Government (moral entrepreneur) after American military base in Pearl Harbour was destroyed by Japanese army. The U.S.A. Government treated the Japanese-Americans unfairly, as national enemies, traitors, or spies for the ir homeland (defined terms). Cameron is a linguist and uses moral panic theory to explain why negative attitudes arose toward youth literacy in 1980 1990’s England. Brayton looks at moral panic theory from the perspective of cultural politics and how moral panic was used post 9/11 to preserve American ideals and create separation from conflicting cultural values. In both cases, Cameron and Brayton use moral panic theory to understand a culture’s reaction to some social problem exaggerated by the media. Moral panic theory provides researchers with a method of analyzing a situation resulting from a moral panic. Moral panic is, as Cameron describes, a problem â€Å"†¦discussed in an obsessive, moralistic and alarmist manner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The theory may also be a useful model for researchers dealing with the study of human behavior or culture, such as cultural history, social theory, criminology, and anthropology. In particular, it could be useful in studying the effects of media on culture.

A Look At Don Bosco Religion Essay

A Look At Don Bosco Religion Essay St John Bosco, also known as Don Bosco, is the subject of this paper and, as all saints of the Church, he has mediated in this world the presence of Christ to a multitude of people during his lifetime and most particularly to the youth of his area in Italy. For my part, I did not grow up Catholic and so was not afforded the opportunity to be exposed to and explore the long list of saints in the Church. This deficiency is being filled as I become more and more aware, through my encounters with people in various ministries since becoming Catholic, of the many saints influencing and encouraging peoples lives. This particular saint, with his focus on youth, might have been helpful in providing an appealing framework focusing on education and spiritual growth especially due to the fact that it was coming from an adult who seemed to understand the needs and desires of young people. During my search for a saint to write on for this paper, John Boscos name was presented to me as someone whos e situation in life speaks to the needs of people today, especially to the needs of youth who are the future of the Church. During his lifetime, St John Bosco also had to deal with many intrusions of anti-Catholicism. He lived during at time within Italy that was not conducive to publicly confirming the Catholic faith. The public State was not only wary of the activities of the Church but also actively worked against the Church by promulgating anti-Catholic laws and promoting dissent of the magisterium of the Church. The many vicissitudes he had to contend with and overcome can be seen, to various degrees, in todays world. His methods and approaches in confronting the anti-Catholicism of his day are also very prescient to the concerns and troubles of our world today. At the time of the birth of St John Bosco in 1815, Italy was not yet unified and consisted of ten different regional states. The Italian peninsula had always been made up of several independent kingdoms and the Papal States cut across the Northern half. During the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, the pope had been imprisoned and the Papal States were under control of the Napoleon Regime. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 marked the end of this regime and the Papal States were returned to Pope Pius VII. The pre-Napoleon boundaries of the other Italian kingdoms were also given back to their former rulers (prelates, 82-83). This time period also gave rise to the notion of unification of the Italian States and this was cultivated and influenced by the French Revolution and American Revolution. With this notion, the monarchical form of government came under fire as more and more of the populace was filled with the enthusiasm of thinking authority came from themselves and not God. With traditiona l forms of government wanting to be ended, the Holy Sees temporal authority was also targeted. This encouraged the anti-clericalism that was rampant during the time of John Bosco and it was this environment that promoted the unique and diverse methods he employed in his ministry. John Bosco faced a multitude of opposition from the revolutionaries as they saw him as clergy. As clergy, he was a representative of the Church who was headed on earth by the Pope. The Pope ruled over the Papal States and the unwillingness of him to relinquish them was a barrier to unification. This barrier made John Bosco an enemy. John did not start out wrangling with revolutionaries. His humble and impoverished beginnings lie in a small village called Becchi just outside of Turin, the capital of the Piedmont region in Northern Italy, in 1815. The death of his father when he was two years of age left him in the hands of his mother, Margaret, who would have a great influence in his young life as well as helping him in his ministry later in his life. As a single mother taking care of three boys, John being the youngest, and an elderly mother-in-law on a small farm, she nurtured and guided John in his vocation to the priesthood and in his mission to serve the radically poor. She was his model in early life, watching her generously share what little the family had with the poorer neighbors and transients, giving not only food and shelter, but kind words to salve their souls. The Dream When John was nine years of age, he had a dream that would recur many times over his life and that he would later recognize as the vision and course of his future vocation. In this dream, he found himself surrounded by a bunch of boys. Some were laughing, singling and playing, but others were fighting and using foul language. Losing his temper, he tries to stop the boys from fighting with his own fists, but this makes the situation worse. Then in the middle of the group fighting, a noble looking man appeared and they all stopped to stare at him. The man told John that the only way to win over these boys is with the heart and not the fist. The man then told John that he was the son of the mother whom Johns mother taught him to salute three times a day. The man said he would the woman to him and John will be able to do everything easily. The man disappeared and the boys surrounding John turned into wolves and other wild animals. With fear, he turned and found a glorious and gracious la dy at his side. The woman told John to look at the vision of his future work. She said that what John must do for these animals, he must do for all her children. In order to succeed, she said, he must be humble and strong. With this, the wild animals turned into sheep and lambs cavorting about him. The woman then assured John that she would be with him and she would give him guidance and support in his life.

America’s cause Essay

But he calmly proceeded to act his part, pretending not the least bothered by the gut-wrenching ride over a swirling sea. The following day he received this message from the Navy Department: â€Å"Dear Mr. Wayne- we are pleased to record this latest addition to naval lore. To the immortal expression, ‘damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead,’ we now add your own memorable words, ‘get me out of this son of a bitch! ’†(Wayne168-169). Wayne spoke the American language well. Once, asked by a reporter about his rumored plan to run for president, Wayne said, â€Å"Bullshit. † When asked to give a definite comment, Wayne told him to use the word. The following day, this news item appeared: â€Å"When Mr. Wayne was questioned about the possibility of running for national office, he replied ‘B—–t! †(Wayne 162). Americans responded to John Wayne in a manner different from other stars of his generation. Other actors simply shed off their screen personae after the lights went off; not so Wayne. Although little was written about his private life (marriage, romantic affairs) until after his death, his public life was an open book that maintained and reinforced the John Wayne mystique. He was a natural treasure who was loved and respected. In 1979 he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. In 1998, an Army RAH-66 helicopter was named â€Å"Duke† in his honor. He wore a POW bracelet to show his sympathy with the fighting men in Viet Nam. Speaking extemporaneously before a subcommittee hearing in connection with the bill for the Congressional Gold Medal, Maureen O’Hara Blair, Wayne’s co-star in The Quiet Man, spoke for Wayne: â€Å"He is, believe me, the United States of America. He is a man that has a code of beliefs that he sticks with. He believes in individual responsibility and honor. † Said Reagan of Wayne: I never saw Duke display hatred toward those who scorned him. Oh, he could use some pretty salty language, but he would not tolerate pettiness and hate. He was human all right: he drank enough whiskey to float a PT boat, though he never drank on the job. . . he was virtually always the first to arrive on the set and the last to leave. World War II helped to define what John Wayne stood for. Unable to join the Navy due to an old football injury, his age (34), and being a father of four, Wayne did his part in the war by making movies about America’s fighting men. He appeared minus his horse and six-shooter in memorable films like the Fighting Seabees, Flying Tigers, Reunion in France, They Were Expendable, and Back to Bataan. The 1949 film Sands of Iwo Jima earned Wayne his first Oscar nomination. These films did not have the nauseating gore and graphic violence of present-day war movies, but they exalted the heroism of ordinary men, and people related to them well. Wayne had made it a point not to accept any role that was un-American or tended to denigrate the United States or the American tradition. At a time when he was nearly bankrupt, Wayne bankrolled, starred in, and directed the epic The Alamo, which had been his dream project of many years. In it, playing the role of Davy Crockett, he described the defenders’ role as they waited for the approaching battle with Santa Anna: â€Å"There’s right and there’s wrong. You got to do one or the other. You do the one and you’re living. You do the other and you may be walking around, but you’re as dead as a beaver hat. † As Crockett, he voiced out the timeless yearning of the Texans for independence: â€Å"It means people can live free, talk free, go or come, buy or sell, be drunk or sober, however they choose. † John Wayne did not win on Oscar for The Alamo (except for Best Sound) although it received six nominations, but people came in droves to see the movie. Besides his classic westerns and war pictures, The Alamo is one of his lasting legacies. John Wayne is often equated with conservatism. He was the product of an age when Americans were proud of their heritage, conscious of their country’s new role as a world power and sincerely believed in the righteousness of America’s cause. He was born when Theodore Roosevelt was president, a man who believed in Manifest Destiny and was wont to â€Å"speak softly, but carry a big stick. † Wayne belonged to a generation yet untouched by pangs of national self-doubt, unstricken by remorse over purported wrongs committed by the white man against the natives, the blacks, the Vietnamese, the American youth who were being sent to die in remote battlefields. This was the turbulent 60’s, an age when young Americans were seduced by flower power, discovered new ideologies, adopted a libertarian attitude and opposed any kind of war. In a nation divided by war, John Wayne was seemingly a lonely figure as young Americans felt shame for everything America ever did in the course of her ascent to world dominance. A friend of Senators Barry Goldwater and Joe McCarthy, and former President Ronald Reagan, John Wayne was Republican to the core. Against the weakening of American resolve, John Wayne’s tenacious adherence to the American tradition of duty and honor could only be seen as naivete – sprung from the good guy–bad guy scenarios in his celluloid world. From the 40’s to the 60’s, the Left made inroads in school campuses where teach-ins became common, swaying many of the youth to the new ideology, and threatening to undermine the foundations of the country’s democratic system. Due to its potentials for propaganda, the movie industry was targeted and there were rumors that some Hollywood figures had embraced socialism. In 1944, Wayne helped found the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, in the company of other giants like Clark Gable, Gary Cooper, Walt Disney, and Robert Taylor. He later became president of the association for two terms. He was outspoken against the communist threat. He was mistaken for an archconservative and accused of blackballing movie personalities who refused to cooperate in Congressional hearings, although he never testified, nor did he blackball anybody (Wayne 55). His being perceived as a staunch anti-communist even gave rise to rumors that the late Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin plotted to have him murdered (Soviet Dictator).

Communication Opinion

Kevin Molder Imagine a world with no communication. No way to express feelings of anger or Joy, no longer waving goodbye as someone leaves, communicating via email, text or pen never existed. The mere thought is absurd. Communicating is key to success in most any situation, whether it is in the work place, personal life or everyday tasks. The basic elements of communication and how they differ from the basic rules of healthcare communication are covered in this paper.Cultural differences and how hey influence communication, as well as how healthcare providers might encourage their patients to be more open and honest about their health will be covered first. The integration of cultural societies has come to be . In cities such as Chicago, New York, and Los Angels, an individual using public transportation is going to encounter people from different cultural backgrounds. With such a diverse society, how is communication influenced?Having the same cultural beliefs does not necessarily m ean any two people will react the same in situations (Goanna, 2011). Generalizations an provide clues on what one might encounter and the way communication will be affected (Goanna, 2011). Examples of three generalizations: Cultures are either high- context or low context. The choice of medium used to communicate may have cultural undertones. The United States for instance, favors electronic and written technology while Japan prefers oral or face-to-face communication (Goanna, 2011). Next, cultures are either sequential or synchronicity.If a culture thinks of time sequential-as a linear commodity to spend, save, or waste, whereas asynchronously-as constant flow to be experienced in the moment as a force that cannot be controlled or contained (Goanna, 2011). German and Swedish cultures give full attention to one task at a time, but other parts of the world multi-tasking is the norm (Goanna, 2011). Last, cultures are either affective or neutral. A great example of an affective cultura l is Italian. They tend to be very passionate and readily show their emotions. The Dutch are more of a neutral culture-very controlled with emotions and do not telegraph them (Goanna, 2011).Communication among healthcare providers and patient is imperative. Many times an individual is embarrassed to revel symptoms or past medical history in fear they might be rejected or Judged. The thought of another patient getting a glimpse of their medical chart is reason to withhold information or perhaps the medication prescribed makes them feel strange or sick? No matter their reasoning, holding back pertinent information could be costly and in worst cases deadly. There are a plethora of ways healthcare providers can ease the minds of individuals and ensure the line of communication between them stays open and honest.Patients want to believe their healthcare provider truly cares for their well- being. Verbal and non-verbal communication helps providers express interest and concerns to patient s. Making eye contact, listening and questioning with thought, demonstrating understanding and compassion are examples of verbal and non- verbal communication. Bridging any social gap that may be present will help establish open communication between provider and patient. Viewing the relationship as a partnership in which each party contributes to maximize the outcome is an essential element in provider/patient relationships.The choice of words a provider uses can affect the line of communication between them and their patients a great deal. If an individual has no knowledge of the medical terms a physician is using they may become embarrassed by it and not ask the proper questions or pretend to know what is being said. Effective communication relies on five basic elements, the sender, the receiver, the medium, the channel, and the feedback. The sender initiates the communication. Verbal and non-verbal techniques are used to properly convey the message and the sender should have an understanding of who is receiving the message.The party in which the sender is transmitting communication is the receiver. To correctly absorb the message the receiver should listen carefully and not get distracted. The medium is most important of the five elements. It can come in many different forms and is what the receiver is trying to communicate to the receiver. The channel is how the communication is being sent, whether it is mail, text, email or oral. Finally, the feedback describes the receiver's response or reaction to the sender's message.Feedback may come from skiing questions, body language or facial expressions. Health care communication differs from basic communication because patient care becomes a factor. Peoples confidentially and concerns need to be taken into consideration. How the individual receives and interprets messages and information. The family member's reaction is important as well. Co-workers need to make sure they are not open with private information. In conclusion, culture differences can be bridged in communication if the sender and receiver are aware of how each party communicates.

Second Cup Essay Example

Second Cup Essay Example Second Cup Essay Second Cup Essay IMC Proposal: Second Cup Second cup was seen a popular coffee house for many Canadians, focusing on a comfortable and warm atmosphere for its customers to socialize with friends or catch up on some work. Known as one of the higher class coffee houses, Second Cup offers many specialty beverages and sweet treats, in addition to Wi-Fi access in all of their franchises. The purpose of selecting Second Cup for the IMC is because they have to some extent ‘dropped off the map’. This coffee house has for the most part been pushed aside, while Starbucks, Tim Horton’s and Timothy’s seem to prevail. In 2004, Second Cup created and Income fund, which was a way to generate more cash, however this put a huge hold on expanding the business in any way (Strauss, 2010). As a result of this, Second Cup has fallen behind the competitors and perhaps in some cases, been completely forgotten. By preparing an IMC for Second Cup we can focus on where they went wrong and what we can do, marketing wise, to get Second Cup back on top. The category that Second Cup falls into is the Beverage industry, which is sectioned off into the Tea and Coffee industry. Tea and coffee account for about 12% and 16% of the sales of beverages in Canada in 2008, respectively. The market for tea and coffee was approximately $1. 5 billion in 2008 (Agriculture and Agri-foods Canada, 2010). Some of the environmental influences affecting the market include waste reduction policies (paper cups) and International trade agreements when it comes to trading coffee over seas. Some of the key competitors in the Coffee and Tea industry are Starbucks, focusing on their specialty and personalized beverages, Timothy’s, who are trying to make themselves more known in the market, Tim Horton’s, which focuses on providing great coffee for Canadians, and Second Cup, which is focusing on their ‘Canadian’ specialty coffees in a comfortable environment. I think that second cup has some areas to improve on their current communication efforts. Secondly because they are fair trade, they pay more for their materials, this increases their costs which forces them to raise prices to allow for profit. Opportunities: * Second Cup can expand their products and services. * Second Cup should market their social responsibility efforts. * Brand Partnerships * Threats: * There is a decline in economic conditions. People have less disposable income to spend on themselves and their activities. The Canadian economy is recovering and therefore people are working more hours and the consumers are more cautious about how they spend the income they do have. There are a lot of competitors. The premium coffee market is constantly growing. Premium coffee is becoming very trendy and larger businesses want in on the action. McDonalds has recently got involved in the market with their McCafe which offers various types of specialty coffees and baked goods. Furthermore, Starbucks and Tim Horton’s are a significant competitor with a lot more out lets than Second Cup. Independent coffee shops are also a notable competitor as they have a portion of the market share and they have a presence in almost every town across Canada. The company is in a constant price war with their competitors over similar products. * Problem: Second Cup was one of the undisputed leaders in the specialty coffee market throughout North America; however, due the growth in chains such as Starbucks, Tim Horton’s, McDonalds, Timothy’s, and Seattle’s Best, Second Cup has lost a significant portion of their market. A new marketing strategy is needed in order to increase sales revenue and grow the market share of the company. Objectives: 1. To increase the sales revenue by 10% at $286 million. . To appeal to a younger market and to enrol more young members in the membership program. 3. Expand company presence by marketing in different high traffic areas. Alternatives: * Increase the membership cost. * Pros: * Cons: Recommendations: 1. In troduce a new ad campaign with a trendy new message to appeal to a younger target market and alter the image of MEC. By developing a campaign that conveys the AOI’s of the consumer it would reveal to the new target that the company understands them and a stronger relationship will be established. Moreover, knowing the AOI’s of a customer will allow MEC to put ads in areas where effective impressions will lead to a sale (i. e. Internet, Outdoor Marketing, and other ads). Implementation Plan: Target Market Profile: * Current Target Profile: * Aimed Target Profile:. Positioning Strategy: Mountain Equipment Co-op offers quality outdoor products with a fair price, while having the least invasive environmental impact and top notch customer service. Marketing Mix Strategies: * Product: * Price: * Distribution: Marketing Communications Mix: The following are concepts of the IMC Mix that would be effective for Second Cup: * Advertising: Direct response: * Personal selling: * Digital Communications: * Sales promotion: Budgets: The following is a table showing how the $500,000. 00 budget has been divided: Marketing| Cost| Bike Racks| $90,000| Direct Mailers| $8000| Spring Training| $7000| Google Ad Words| $36,000| Television Ad| $359,000| Timing: The following chart will show the months that each marketing strategy will be delivered: Strategy| Month| | Jan| Feb| Mar| Apr| May| June| July| Aug| Sept| Oct| Nov| Dec| Bike Racks| | | | | X| X| X| X| X| X| | | Direct Mailers| X| | | | | | | | | | | | Spring Training | | | | X| | | | | | | | | Google Ad Words| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| Television Ads| X| | | X| X| X| | | | | X| X| | | | | | | | | | | | | | References C Media Outdoor, (2011). Details: Bike Racks. Retrieved October 6th, 2011 from: cmediaoutdoor. com/details1. html Canada Post, (2011). Admail Campaign Plan. Retrieved October 6th, 2011 from: canadapost. ca/cpo/mc/business/productsservices/marketing/addressedadmail. jsf Direct Marketing Association, (2011). DMA Mailing List Search Tool: Adventure Atheletes. Retrieved October 17th, 2011 from: http://lists. the-dma. org/market? page=research/datacardid=117210 Mountain Equipment Co-op, (2011). About MEC. Retrieved October 1st, 2011 from mec. ca/AST/Navigation/MEC_Global/AboutMEC. jsp Mountain Equipment Co-op, (2011). Sustainability. Retrieved October 1st, 2011 from: mec. ca/AST/Navigation/MEC_Global/Sustainability. jsp TV. com, (2011). How Much Television do you watch per week? Retrieved October 17th, 2011 from: tv. com/news/how-much-television-do-you-watch-per-week-24833/

USS Arizona (BB-39) at Pearl Harbor

USS Arizona (BB-39) at Pearl Harbor USS Arizona (BB-39) Overview: Nation: United States Type: Battleship Shipyard: Brooklyn Navy Yard Laid Down: March 16, 1914 Launched: June 19, 1915 Commissioned: October 17, 1916 Fate: Sunk December 7, 1941 USS Arizona (BB-39) Specifications: Displacement: 31,400 tons Length: 608 ft. Beam: 106 ft. Draft: 30 ft. Propulsion: 4 propellers driven by Parson steam turbines Speed: 21 knots Range: 9,200 miles at 12 knots Complement: 1,385 men Armament (September 1940) Guns 12 Ãâ€" 14 in. (360 mm)/45 cal guns (4 triple turrets)12 Ãâ€" 5 in./51 cal. guns12 Ãâ€" 5 in./25 cal. anti-aircraft guns Aircraft 2 x aircraft USS Arizona (BB-39) - Design Construction: Approved by Congress on March 4, 1913, USS Arizona was designed as a super-dreadnought battleship. The second and final ship of the Pennsylvania-class, Arizona was laid down at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on March 16, 1914. With World War I raging overseas, work continued on the ship and it was ready for launching the following June. Slipping down the ways on June 19, 1915, Arizona was sponsored by Miss Esther Ross of Prescott, AZ. Over the next year, work progressed as the ships new Parson turbine engines were installed and the rest of its machinery brought on board. An improvement on the earlier Nevada-class, the Pennsylvania-class featured a heavier main armament of twelve 14 guns mounted in four triple turrets as well as a slightly higher speed. The class also saw the US Navys abandonment of vertical triple expansion steam engines in favor of steam turbine technology. More economical, this propulsion system used less fuel oil than its predecessor. In addition, the Pennsylvanias introduced the four engine, four propeller layout that would become standard on all future American battleships. For protection, the two ships of the Pennsylvania-class possessed an advanced four-layer system of armor. This consisted of thin plating, air space, thin plate, oil space, thin plate, air space, followed with a thicker layer of armor nearly ten feet inboard. The theory behind this layout was that the air and oil space would aid in dissipating shell or torpedo explosions. In testing, this arrangement withstood an explosion of 300 lbs. of dynamite. Work on Arizona was completed in late 1916 and the ship was commissioned on October 17 with Captain John D. McDonald in command. USS Arizona (BB-39) - Operations During World War I: Departing New York the following month, Arizona conducted its shakedown cruise off the Virginia Capes and Newport, RI before proceeding south to Guantnamo Bay. Returning to the Chesapeake in December, it conducted torpedo and firing exercises in Tangier Sound. These complete, Arizona sailed for Brooklyn where post-shakedown alterations were made to the ship. With these issues addressed, the new battleship was assigned to Battleship Division 8 (BatDiv 8) at Norfolk. It arrived there on April 4, 1917, only days before the US entered World War I. During the war, Arizona, along with the other oil-fired battleships of the US Navy, remained assigned to the East Coast due to a shortage of fuel oil in Britain. Patrolling the waters between Norfolk and New York, Arizona also served as a gunnery training ship. With the wars conclusion on November 11, 1918, Arizona and BatDiv 8 sailed for Britain. Arriving on November 30, it sortied on December 12 to aid in escorting President Woodrow Wilson, aboard the liner George Washington, into Brest, France for the Paris Peace Conference. This done, it embarked American troops for the voyage home two days later. USS Arizona (BB-39) - The Interwar Years: Arriving off New York on Christmas Eve, Arizona led a naval review into the harbor the next day. After participating in maneuvers in the Caribbean during the spring of 1919, the battleship crossed the Atlantic and reached Brest on May 3. Sailing into the Mediterranean, it arrived off Smyrna (Izmir) on May 11 where it provided protection to American citizens during the Greek occupation of the port. Going ashore, Arizonas Marine detachment aided in guarding the American consulate. Returning to New York in late June, the ship underwent alterations at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. For much of the 1920s, Arizona served in a variety of peacetime roles and moved through assignments with BatDivs 7, 2, 3, and 4. Having been operating in the Pacific, the ship transited the Panama Canal on February 7, 1929 en route to Norfolk for modernization. Entering the yard, it was placed in reduced commission on July 15 as work began. As part of the modernization, Arizonas cage masts were placed with tripod masts topped by three-level fire control tops, alterations were made to its 5 in. guns, and additional armor was added. While in the yard, the ship also received new boilers and turbines. Returning to full commission on March 1, 1931, the ship embarked President Herbert Hoover on the 19th for a cruise to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Following this assignment, post-modernization trials were conducted off the coast of Maine. With this completed, it was assigned to BatDiv 3 at San Pedro, CA. For much of the next decade, the ship operated with the Battle Fleet in the Pacific. On September 17, 1938, it became the flagship of Rear Admiral Chester Nimitzs BatDiv 1. Nimitz remained on board until passing command to Rear Admiral Russell Willson the following year. USS Arizona (BB-39) - Pearl Harbor: Following Fleet Problem XXI in April 1940, the US Pacific Fleet was retained at Pearl Harbor due to increasing tensions with Japan. The ship operated around Hawaii until late summer when it sailed for Long Beach, CA en route to an overhaul at the Puget Sound Navy Yard. Among the work completed were improvements to Arizonas anti-aircraft battery. On January 23, 1941, Willson was relieved by Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd. Returning to Pearl Harbor, the battleship took part in a series of training exercises during 1941 before undergoing a brief overhaul in October. Arizona sailed for the final time on December 4 to take part in firing exercises. Returning the next day, it took the repair ship USS Vestal alongside on December 6. The next morning, the Japanese commenced their surprise attack on Pearl Harbor shortly before 8:00 AM. Sounding general quarters at 7:55, Kidd and Captain Franklin van Valkenburgh raced to the bridge. Shortly after 8:00, a bomb dropped by a Nakajima B5N Kate glanced off #4 turret starting a small fire. This was followed by another bomb hit at 8:06. Striking between and to the port of #1 and #2 turrets, this hit ignited a fire which detonated Arizonas forward magazine. This resulted in a massive explosion which destroyed the forward part of the ship and started fires which burned for two days. The explosion killed Kidd and van Valkenburgh, both of whom received the Medal of Honor for their actions. The ships damage control officer, Lieutenant Commander Samuel G. Fuqua, also was awarded the Medal of Honor for his role in fighting the fires and attempting to rescue survivors. As a result of the explosion, fires, and sinking, 1,177 of Arizonas 1,400-man crew were killed. As salvage work began after the attack, it was determined that the ship was a total loss. While the majority of its surviving guns were removed for future use, its superstructure was largely cut down to the waterline. A powerful symbol of the attack, the ships remains was bridged by the USS Arizona Memorial which was dedicated in 1962. The remains of Arizona, which still bleed oil, were designated a National Historic Landmark on May 5, 1989. Selected Sources Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: USS ArizonaUniversity of Arizona: USS ArizonaNational Park Service: Valor in the Pacific

TET Offensive Literature comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TET Offensive Literature comparison - Essay Example This military operation was launched by the army of North Vietnam along with armed forces of Viet Cong against the South Vietnam forces and those of United States. The crusade against South Vietnam was unplanned and came as a bolt from the blue. This military attack was referred to as TET Offensive owing to a previous agreement during the celebrations of the TET Lunar New Year of a ceasefire that would continue for two days. There were a series of military attacks launched during the night hours of January 30, 1968 although the main and massive operations began in the morning of the next day. Although, there was an announcement previously about ceasefire, these surprise attack left the armed forces of South Vietnam and United States in a maze initially. However, the united forces of these countries managed to retaliate and regain control of the cities. Being one of the most memorable events in history, which took a bitter turn after the celebrations of the TET Lunar Year, it is no wonder that the author has described this military crusade as one of the most intriguing aspects of Vietnam War. Thus, the journal, referred to as ‘The Turning Point of the War’ explores the political angle of this incident to a great extent. Similarly, the next article ‘TET 1968; The Military Offensive’ discusses the economic aspects of TET Offensive that are reflected during the current times and scenario. Although, both articles are fulfilling in nature, the authors have not really reached deeper beneath in the real sense.

Conversion&Commitment to New Religious Movements & Cults Research Paper

Conversion&Commitment to New Religious Movements & Cults - Research Paper Example .all religions involve ceremonials practiced collectively by believers which normally occur in special places - churches, temples or ceremonial grounds. The existence of collective ceremonial is usually regarded by sociologists as one of the main factors distinguishing religion from magic..." "...resembles a sect, but has different emphases. It is the most loosely knit of all religious organizations, being composed of individuals who reject what they see as the values of outside society. Their focus is on individual experience, bringing like-minded individuals together. People do not formally join a cult, but rather follow particular theories or prescribed ways...Like sects, cults quite often form around an inspirational leader.". The cult form of religious organization is significantly different from other forms in that religious experience tends to be highly individualistic and varies considerably with the individuals personal experiences and interpretations. A cult tends to be a very loose knit social group (and probably hardly qualifies as an organization in the accepted sense of the word) that collects around a set of common themes, beliefs or interests. Cults, for the above reasons, tend to be highly individualistic and lacking in formal organizational structures (clerical hierarchies, meeting places and so forth). The followers of a cult tend to resemble consumers rather than members, since there is rarely any formal joining mechanism; people who are interested in a particular cult theme (spiritualism, transcendental meditation and so forth) are encouraged to buy into the cult to varying degrees (TM, for example, sells a number of stages to spiritual enlightenment that the consumer can buy as and when they want to). Cults are tolerant of dissenting views. Since they rarely possess anything akin to a priesthood whose role is to interpret the word of God for their followers, discussion, argument and